Once Upon a Time in the Web
The Web has radically changed the way we communicate, work and remember, but how did it really come about? Who built it and which visions guided its development?
The roots (1945–1988)
Vannevar Bush imagines the Memex: the first theoretical vision of hypertext
Engelbart publishes «Augmenting Human Intellect»: enhancing the mind with technology
Ted Nelson coins «hypertext» and «hypermedia» at the ACM conference
ARPANET: the first computer network, prototype of the Internet
Email is born, transforming communication between network users
Robert Cailliau joins CERN: the co-inventor of the Web begins his journey
Berners-Lee creates ENQUIRE at CERN: connecting concepts, people and machines
CERN adopts TCP/IP and enters the global Internet ecosystem
Berners-Lee compares ENQUIRE with HyperCard: hypertext + network + openness are needed
The invention (1989–1993)
Berners-Lee submits «Information Management: A Proposal» — «Vague but exciting»
WorldWideWeb is born: HTML, HTTP and URL, the three pillars of the Web
The Web leaves CERN: newsgroup announcement and first server in the US
The Web leaves academia: new servers, new browsers, new conflicts
Mosaic and the freedom of the Web: the general public goes online
The explosion (1994–2000)
The «Woodstock of the Web» at CERN and the birth of the W3C at MIT
Internet Explorer, Amazon, eBay: the Web enters homes and markets
Email becomes the main use of the network: Hotmail is born
Blogs and streaming: new forms of digital content emerge
Google and ICANN: the Web becomes more organised and easier to navigate
Napster shakes up music and media: the Web changes culture
“The hyperlibrary of the World Wide Web was invented to multiply the library. The virtual character succeeds movable type. Every product of culture now forms a single hypertext, a single ecology of ideas, a single sphere of living language that will soon bring all human beings together in its dizzying expansion.”
Nicola Pellow, Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau
Once Upon a Time in the Web is the result of a collaboration between Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) and Scuola Universitaria della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI), translating the findings of research funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
A team of media historians, designers and communicators works together to make scientific knowledge accessible and participatory.
Discover more about usAcademic Insights
A History of Digital Media: An Intermedia and Global Perspective
The Digital Revolution: A Short History of an Ideology
History Web, Web history, and history of the Web: Three subfields and why (and why not) integrating them
Storia dei media digitali: Rivoluzioni e continuità
Reframing the Early History of the World Wide Web (1989–1995): Applying the Marketing Mix to Understand the Web as a Product
2024 History of the WebCos'è il Web? Il CERN, Robert Cailliau e l'«identità culturale» di una nuova tecnologia (1993–1996)
2025 History of the WebStop calling the Web the Internet: CERN's tactics to fight 'brand confusion' in the mid-1990s
Weaving the Web: The original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web
This is for everyone: The unfinished story of the World Wide Web
The Internet Myth: From the Internet Imaginary to Network Ideologies
2016 History of the WebHow the Web was told: Continuity and change in the founding fathers' narratives on the origins of the World Wide Web
Web 25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web
The Historical Web and Digital Humanities: The Case of National Web Domains
2025 History of the WebControversial interpretations in the early years of the Web: an analysis of the correspondence of CERN collaborators and the community of Web developers
2023 History of the WebGenealogy of an archive: The birth, construction, and development of the World Wide Web collection at CERN
How the Web was born: The story of the World Wide Web
Where wizards stay up late: The origins of the Internet
How the internet happened: From Netscape to the iPhone
The 'Web of pros' in the 1990s: The professional acclimation of the World Wide Web in France